Extending with Plugins
Compared to loaders, plugins are a more flexible means to extend webpack. You have access to webpack's compiler and compilation processes. It's possible to run child compilers, and plugins can work in tandem with loaders as MiniCssExtractPlugin shows.
Plugins allow you to intercept webpack's execution through hooks. Webpack itself has been implemented as a collection of plugins. Underneath it relies on tapable plugin interface that allows webpack to apply plugins in different ways.
You'll learn to develop a couple of small plugins next. Unlike for loaders, there is no separate environment where you can run plugins, so you have to run them against webpack itself. It's possible to push smaller logic outside of the webpack facing portion, though, as this allows you to unit test it in isolation.
The Basic Flow of Webpack Plugins
A webpack plugin is expected to expose an apply(compiler) method. JavaScript allows multiple ways to do this. You could use a function and then attach methods to its prototype. To follow the newest syntax, you could use a class to model the same idea.
Regardless of your approach, you should capture possible options passed by a user at the constructor. It's a good idea to declare a schema to communicate them to the user. schema-utils allows validation and works with loaders too.
When the plugin is connected to webpack configuration, webpack will run its constructor and call apply with a compiler object passed to it. The object exposes webpack's plugin API and allows you to use its hooks as listed by the official compiler reference.
T> webpack-defaults works as a starting point for webpack plugins. It contains the infrastructure used to develop official webpack loaders and plugins.
Setting Up a Development Environment
Since plugins have to be run against webpack, you have to set up one to run a demo plugin that will be developed further:
webpack.plugin.js
const path = require("path");
const DemoPlugin = require("./plugins/demo-plugin.js");
const PATHS = {
lib: path.join(__dirname, "app", "shake.js"),
build: path.join(__dirname, "build"),
};
module.exports = {
entry: {
lib: PATHS.lib,
},
output: {
path: PATHS.build,
filename: "[name].js",
},
plugins: [new DemoPlugin()],
};
T> If you don't have a lib entry file set up yet, write one. The contents don't matter as long as it's JavaScript that webpack can parse.
To make it convenient to run, set up a build shortcut:
package.json
"scripts": {
"build:plugin": "webpack --config webpack.plugin.js",
...
},
Executing it should result in an Error: Cannot find module failure as the actual plugin is still missing.
T> If you want an interactive development environment, consider setting up nodemon against the build. Webpack's watcher won't work in this case.
Implementing a Basic Plugin
The simplest plugin should do two things: capture options and provide apply method:
plugins/demo-plugin.js
module.exports = class DemoPlugin {
apply() {
console.log("applying");
}
};
If you run the plugin (npm run build:plugin), you should see applying message at the console. Given most plugins accept options, it's a good idea to capture those and pass them to apply.
Capturing Options
Options can be captured through a constructor:
plugins/demo-plugin.js
module.exports = class DemoPlugin {
constructor(options) {
this.options = options;
}
apply() {
console.log("apply", this.options);
}
};
Running the plugin now would result in apply undefined kind of message given no options were passed.
Adjust the configuration to pass an option:
webpack.plugin.js
module.exports = {
...
// plugins: [new DemoPlugin()],
plugins: [new DemoPlugin({ name: "demo" })],
],
};
Now you should see apply { name: 'demo' } after running.
Understanding Compiler and Compilation
apply receives webpack's compiler as a parameter. Adjust as below:
plugins/demo-plugin.js
module.exports = class DemoPlugin {
constructor(options) {
this.options = options;
}
apply(compiler) {
console.log(compiler);
}
};
After running, you should see a lot of data. Especially options should look familiar as it contains webpack configuration. You can also see familiar names like records.
If you go through webpack's plugin development documentation, you'll see a compiler provides a large number of hooks. Each hook corresponds to a specific stage. For example, to emit files, you could listen to the emit event and then write.
Change the implementation to listen and capture compilation:
plugins/demo-plugin.js
module.exports = class DemoPlugin {
constructor(options) {
this.options = options;
}
apply(compiler) {
// console.log(compiler);
compiler.plugin("emit", (compilation, cb) => {
console.log(compilation);
cb();
});
}
};
W> Forgetting the callback and running the plugin makes webpack fail silently!
Running the build should show more information than before because a compilation object contains whole dependency graph traversed by webpack. You have access to everything related to it here including entries, chunks, modules, assets, and more.
T> Many of the available hooks expose compilation, but sometimes they reveal a more specific structure, and it takes a more particular study to understand those.
T> Loaders have dirty access to compiler and compilation through underscore (this._compiler/this._compilation).
Writing Files Through Compilation
The assets object of compilation can be used for writing new files. You can also capture already created assets, manipulate them, and write them back.
To write an asset, you have to use webpack-sources file abstraction. Install it first:
npm install webpack-sources --save-dev
Adjust the code as follows to write through RawSource:
plugins/demo-plugin.js
const { RawSource } = require("webpack-sources");
module.exports = class DemoPlugin {
constructor(options) {
this.options = options;
}
apply(compiler) {
const { name } = this.options;
compiler.plugin("emit", (compilation, cb) => {
// console.log(compilation);
compilation.assets[name] = new RawSource("demo");
cb();
});
}
};
After building, you should see output:
Hash: d698e1dab6472ba42525
Version: webpack 3.8.1
Time: 51ms
Asset Size Chunks Chunk Names
lib.js 2.9 kB 0 [emitted] lib
demo 4 bytes [emitted]
[0] ./app/shake.js 107 bytes {0} [built]
If you examine build/demo file, you'll see it contains the word demo as per code above.
T> Compilation has a set of hooks of its own as covered in the official compilation reference.
Managing Warnings and Errors
Plugin execution can be caused to fail by throwing (throw new Error("Message")). If you validate options, you can use this method.
In case you want to give the user a warning or an error message during compilation, you should use compilation.warnings and compilation.errors. Example:
compilation.warnings.push("warning");
compilation.errors.push("error");
There is no way pass information messages to webpack yet although there is a logging proposal. If you want to use console.log for this purpose, push it behind a verbose flag. The problem is that console.log will print to stdout and it will end up in webpack's --json output as a result. A flag will allow the user to work around this problem.
Plugins Can Have Plugins
A plugin can provide hooks of its own. html-webpack-plugin uses plugins to extend itself as discussed in the Getting Started chapter.
Plugins Can Run Compilers of Their Own
In special cases, like offline-plugin, it makes sense to run a child compiler. It gives full control over related entries and output. Arthur Stolyar, the author of the plugin, has explained the idea of child compilers at Stack Overflow.
Conclusion
When you begin to design a plugin, spend time studying existing plugins that are close enough. Develop plugins piece-wise so that you validate one piece at a time. Studying webpack source can give more insight given it's a collection of plugins itself.
To recap:
- Plugins can intercept webpack's execution and extend it making them more flexible than loaders.
- Plugins can be combined with loaders.
MiniCssExtractPluginworks this way. The accompanying loader is used to mark assets to extract. - Plugins have access to webpack's compiler and compilation processes. Both provide hooks for different stages of webpack's execution flow and allow you to manipulate it. Webpack itself works this way.
- Plugins can emit new assets and shape existing assets.
- Plugins can implement plugin systems of their own.
HtmlWebpackPluginis an example of such plugin. - Plugins can run compilers on their own. The isolation gives more control and allows plugins like offline-plugin to be written.